宋徽宗梦里的天青色-汝窑的魅力

汝窑为魁

　　汝窑位于河南省宝丰县清凉寺（又称青龙寺），烧造时间约是北宋神宗到徽宗（1068～1125年）时期，是宋代的五大名窑之一。

汝瓷胎色如香灰，极细腻，骨坚壁薄，胎骨迎光可见微微红色。汝瓷满釉支烧，在盘、碗、瓶等的底部，可见细如胡麻的小支钉痕迹，五至七枚不等。

汝瓷以素面为主，少见纹饰，铭文有“奉华”、“蔡”两种。汝瓷器型种类不多，小器多而大器少，主要有盘、碗、盆、瓶、洗、尊、樽、碟、盏托、奁、胆瓶等等。

从窑址出土的标本来看，釉色以天青釉为主，淡天青次之，还有极小部分豆青釉，其中以天青釉瓷为。汝窑接受宫廷的烧瓷任务，烧造汝官窑青瓷器，产品十分精美，宋人有“汝窑为魁”的说法，在宋代青瓷中被推为。

汝窑作为宋代五大名窑的魁首，是。汝窑名气很大，自古以来的流传甚广，我们一说就是汝、官、哥、钧、定。南宋人叶（音置）在《坦斋笔衡》里有这样一段记载，他说："本朝以定州白瓷器有芒不堪用，遂命汝州造青瓷器，故河北唐、邓、耀州悉有之，汝州为魁。"这是南宋人的记载，他生活的时期离北宋很近，所以非常可信。"芒"，说的是一个很的术语，有两种解释：常规的解释就是指碗的口部是涩圈，没上釉；另一种解释就是光芒，指白色刺眼。将来讲定州白瓷的时候，我会详细地讲到这一点。明代有一个人叫王世懋，他在《二委酉谭》中是这样说的："宋时窑器以汝州，而京师自置官窑次之。"明朝人是这样认为的：汝窑地位，北宋的官窑地位次一等，低于汝窑。

　　五千年文明史里，想选出一个强的朝代，可能众说纷纭，汉、唐、明、清，各有各的威武与富足。若想选出一个美的朝代，答案就很简单——宋代。那是一个属于艺术的时代。宋代诗词，把中国古代汉语的美发展到；宋代书画，代表了中国文人的高审美；而宋代的瓷器，则是中国古代陶瓷艺术的。

世人流传着宋代有五大名窑（汝、官、哥、钧、定）的说法，其中以汝窑为首。但所有窑中，又以汝窑真品为难得。“纵有家财万贯，不及汝瓷一片。”一句民间俗语，道出了它的珍贵。

岁月不仅吞没了汝窑，也吞没了那些关于汝瓷的记载，如今只能推断出汝瓷兴于北宋徽宗时期。 《环球人物》记者分别采访了吕成龙以及河南汝瓷王延军，从他们口中了解到宋徽宗与汝瓷间的特缘分。

关于汝瓷的来源有个美好的传说：

宋徽宗曾做过一个梦，梦到大雨过后，远处天空云破处，有一抹神秘的天青色，格外令人着迷。醒来之后，他便写下一句诗：“雨过天青云破处”，拿给工匠参考，让他们烧制出这种颜色。一时间，不知难倒了多少工匠，后汝州的工匠技高一筹，烧出了令宋徽宗满意的天青色。而天青色釉也就成为汝窑瓷器的典型特征。

在们看来，传说仅仅是传说，无论是宋徽宗的梦，还是他写的这句诗，在历史上都找不到史籍印证。

南宋人叶真所著的《坦斋笔衡》中倒是有一段关于汝窑兴起的记载：“本朝以定州白磁器有芒，不堪用，遂命汝州造青窑器，故河北唐、邓、耀州悉有之，汝窑为魁。”几句话，包含了汝窑兴起的关键密码：，朝廷初是御用定窑的，但那里产的白瓷“有芒”，不堪使用，于是换了汝窑；其次，汝窑产的是一种青色的瓷，当时的唐州、邓州、耀州都烧青瓷，但汝窑的质量佳。

在河南汝瓷王延军看来，这种说法有一定可信度。“有芒”指的是瓷器有“芒口”。“它和烧制瓷器的方式有关。定窑是覆烧法，底在上，器物倒扣着，口在下。扣着烧的好处是一个窑的产量大。但如果扣着烧，口就不能上釉，因为有釉就粘连了。于是便形成不光洁的涩圈。”

吕成龙所长则代表了另一种观点：“以的权力，解决定窑白瓷芒口的问题还是很容易的，不追求产量，下令让正着烧就可以了。可见这里的芒，并不是‘弃定用汝’的主要原因。”

吕成龙认为，宋徽宗对汝窑的钟爱，与他崇信道教有密切关系。“宋徽宗本身是一个艺术家，也是一个道教信徒。道教以清淡为美，不爱雕饰，所谓‘五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽’，青色本身比较符合道家的审美观。而青瓷里，越瓷介于青绿之间，耀州瓷是橄榄色，只有汝瓷，介于蓝绿之间，是一种淡淡的天青色，冷暖适中，内敛，不张扬，在视觉上使人感到非常舒服，体现了传统文人的审美。”

吕成龙还提出一个观点：“当时的汝瓷，从审美上和宋代的大环境也是有关的。宋代流行婉约词，就连豪放派的词人苏轼都会写一些清泉、明月、小溪，他的风格中也有婉约的一面。苏轼的词，高出人表；汝瓷的天青色，高出众窑。”

天青色如此特，关于如何烧造的，的传说就是在釉料里加了玛瑙石。南宋人周辉在《清波杂志》中就说：“汝窑宫中禁烧，内有玛瑙为釉。唯供御拣退，方许出卖，近尤难得”。

十窑九不成

汝瓷随着宋徽宗的喜爱而，却也伴着宋朝的衰败而销声匿迹。们推断，迟至1127年“靖康之变”，北宋都城沦陷，徽宗、钦宗以及3000余人被金国俘虏，宫廷的汝窑就再也没有烧制过。大部分史学家都认为汝瓷不过兴盛了20年。

“为生产器物是极其特殊、隐秘的事情，烧出而没有被选中的瓷器，都要悉数砸碎、毁掉、埋掉。而汝窑本身更有‘十窑九不成’之说，成器很少。再加上总共就为烧了20年，汝瓷在北宋末、南宋初已属珍品，越往后越发珍贵。”王延军介绍说。

近30年来，王延军一直在试图仿制汝瓷。 至于颜色就更难了。“烧造汝瓷用的是倒焰窑，上下温差较大，在小小的窑室中，很难做到均匀加热，瓷器窑位不同，颜色就不同。另外，它和钧瓷不同，钧瓷是铜还原，汝瓷是铁还原，含有微量的铁，因此颜色为青；而釉料又不含任何人工化学成分，是数十种天然石料配成，关于原料和分量，都没有流传下来。”

北宋以后的历朝历代，都曾尝试过复烧汝瓷，但没有一次获得成功。“特别是明清时期，宣德、雍正、乾隆等数代帝王都曾招募天下的工匠，在景德镇建御窑仿制各地瓷器，其他宋瓷都可以仿到乱真，唯天青色的汝瓷是无法如愿仿造的。直到现在，也很难达到，只能说接近。”王延军说。

李苦禅先生曾写过：“天下博物馆，无汝者，难称尽善尽美也。”而据吕成龙统计，传世汝官窑完整器现如今不足百件，集中的地方也不过几处：北京故宫博物院20件，台北故宫博物院21件，英国达维德爵士基金会12件，上海博物馆9件。

“似玉、非玉、而胜玉”，汝瓷留下了中国陶瓷史上美的一页，虽遭难厄，但后人的不断研究、仿制，想必能让它有老枝重发、浴火而生的一天。


Ruyao is the chief
Ruyao is located in qingliang temple ( also known as Seiryuji ) of baofeng county, Henan province. it was built from north Song Shenzong to Huizong ( 1068 - 1125 ), and is one of the five famous kilns in song dynasty.
Ru Ci fetal color such as fragrant ash, very delicate, bone solid wall thin, fetal bone light visible slightly red. Ru Ci full glaze burn, at the bottom of the plate, bowl, bottle, etc., can be seen as fine as flax small Zhi Ding traces, ranging from five to seven.
Ru Ci is given priority to with plain noodles, rare decorations, inscriptions have " serve China", " Cai" two kinds. Ru porcelain type is not much, small device more and less big device, mainly plate, bowl, basin, bottle, wash, statue, bottle, plate, lamp holder, casket, bile bottle, etc.
From the kiln site unearthed specimens, glaze color is given priority to with day green glaze, light day green, followed by a very small part of bean green glaze, with day green glaze porcelain is the most delicate. Ru kiln to accept the court's porcelain burning task, burning your official kiln green porcelain, products are very beautiful, song people have " ru kiln as the chief", in the song dynasty green porcelain was pushed to the first place.
Ruyao as the song dynasty five famous kiln leader, is the boss. Ruyao fame is very big, since ancient times spread widely, we say is you, officer, elder brother, jun, set. The southern song dynasty people ye ( sound ) in the temple Zhai pen scale has such a record, he said: " in this dynasty to Dingzhou white porcelain mans cannot use, hence life ruzhou made green porcelain, so Hebei Tang, Deng, yaozhou informed, ruzhou as the chief. " this is the record of the southern song dynasty, his life period is very close to the northern song dynasty, so very credible. " mans", said is a very professional term, there are two kinds of explanation: the conventional explanation means that the mouth of the bowl is astringent ring, no glaze; Another explanation is the light, refers to the white dazzling. About Dingzhou white porcelain in the future, I will talk about this in detail. There was a man named Wang shimao in the Ming dynasty, he said in the second Committee unitary tan: " song kiln to ruzhou first, and the capital since the official kiln followed. " the Ming people think so: ruyao position first, the northern song dynasty official kiln position next, lower than ruyao.

Five thousand years in the history of Chinese civilization, want to choose one of the strongest dynasty, may have different opinions, Han, Tang, Ming, Qing, each has its own power and wealth. If you want to choose the most beautiful dynasty, the answer is very simple - song dynasty. It was an age of art. Song dynasty poetry, the beauty of ancient Chinese development to the extreme; Calligraphy and painting in song dynasty represent the highest aesthetics of Chinese scholars. And the song dynasty porcelain, is the peak of ancient Chinese ceramic art..
The world spread the song dynasty has five famous kiln ( you, officer, brother, jun, set ), led by ru kiln. But all kiln, and to your kiln genuine is the most rare. " longitudinal wealth, not as good as Ru Ci. " a folk saying, revealed its precious.
Years not only engulfed your kiln, also engulfed the records about Ru Ci, now can only infer that Ru Ci xing in the northern song dynasty Huizong period. " global person" reporter interviewed Lv Chenglong and Henan Ru Ci expert Wang yanjun respectively, from their mouth to understand the unique fate between Song Huizong and Ru Ci.
There is a beautiful legend about the origin of Ru Ci:
Song Huizong had a dream, dreamed that after the heavy rain, the sky clouds break in the distance, there is a mysterious day blue, particularly fascinating. When he woke up, he wrote a poem, " the sky is blue and the clouds are broken", which he showed to the artisans for their reference and asked them to make the color. At that time, I don't know how many artisans, finally ruzhou craftsmen skill, burn out to Song Huizong satisfied day cyan. And day blue glaze has become the typical characteristics of ru kiln porcelain.
In experts' view, legend is just a legend, whether it's Song Huizong's dream, or he wrote this poem, in history can't find history.
The southern song dynasty ye Zhen's " tanzhai pen scale" there is a paragraph about the rise of ru kiln records: " this dynasty to Dingzhou white porcelain mans, useless, hence life ru Zhou made green kiln, so Hebei Tang, Deng, yaozhou noted, ru kiln as the chief. " a few words, including the rise of your kiln key password: first of all, the court was originally used in the imperial fixed kiln, but there produced white porcelain" mans ", unbearable, so changed your kiln; Secondly, your kiln is a kind of blue porcelain, Tang States, Deng States, yaozhou are burning celadon, but the quality of your kiln is the best.
In Henan Ru Ci expert Wang yanjun view, this statement has certain credibility. " mans" refers to China has " mans mouth". " it is related to the way of firing porcelain. Fixed kiln is covered burning method, bottom, artifacts upside down, mouth down. The advantage of buckling burning is that the output of a kiln is large. But if the buckle burning, mouth can't glaze, because there is glaze adhesion. And then form not bright and clean acerbity circle. " the
Lv Chenglong, director of the representative of another point of view: " with the power of the royal, solve the problem of fixed kiln white porcelain mans mouth is very easy, not the pursuit of production, ordered to burn. Visible mans here, is not the main reason for' abandon set with you'. " the
Lv Chenglong believes that Song Huizong's love for ru kiln, and his belief in Taoism has a close relationship. " Song Huizong itself is an artist, is also a Taoist believers. Taoism to light for the United States, the most don't love carve patterns or designs on woodwork, the so-called' five colors blind, five tones deaf, five tastes refreshing', cyan itself is in line with the Taoist aesthetic. And celadon, the porcelain between green, yaozhou porcelain is olive color, only Ru Ci, between blue and green, is a kind of light day blue, moderate temperature, restrained, don't make public, make people feel very comfortable on the vision, reflects the traditional scholar's aesthetic. " the
Lv Chenglong also put forward a point of view: " Ru Ci at that time, from the aesthetic and song dynasty environment is also related. Song dynasty popular graceful words, even the bold poet su Shi will write some spring, bright moon, creek, his style also has a graceful side. Su Shi's words, higher than the table; Ru Ci day blue, high outstanding kiln. " the
Day cyan is so unique, about how to burn, the most famous legend is added agate stone in glaze. Zhou hui, a southern song dynasty man, said in qingbo magazine, " burning is forbidden in ruyao palace, with agate as glaze. Only for the royal pick back, Xu sold, especially rare ".
Ten kiln nine
Ru Ci with Song Huizong's love and peak, but also with the decline of the song dynasty and disappeared. Experts concluded that at the latest by 1127 " jingkang change", the northern song dynasty capital fall, alternated, Qin zong and more than 3000 people were captured by Jin Guo royal family, for the palace of ru kiln never fired. Most historians agree that Ru Ci has thrived for only 20 years.
" artifacts for the royal production is very special, hidden things, burn out and not selected porcelain, all want to smash, destroy, buried. And your kiln itself is more' ten kiln nine not' said, into a few. Plus a total of 20 years for the royal family burned, Ru Ci at the end of the northern song dynasty, at the beginning of the southern song dynasty is a treasure, the more precious in the future. " Wang yanjun said.
For nearly 30 years, Wang yanjun has been trying to copy Ru Ci. As for the color is more difficult. " burning Ru Ci with inverted flame kiln, temperature difference is bigger, up and down in the kiln chamber in Xiao Xiao, it is difficult to do uniform heating, porcelain kiln position is different, the color is different. In addition, it is different from jun porcelain, jun porcelain is copper reduction, Ru Ci is iron reduction, contains a trace of iron, so the color is green; And glaze does not contain any artificial chemical composition, is made of dozens of natural stone, about raw materials and components, have not been handed down. " the
After the northern song dynasty dynasties, have tried to burn Ru Ci, but not a success. " especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, xuande, Yongzheng, dry long generations of emperors have recruited the world's best craftsmen, in Jingdezhen imperial kiln imitation around China, other song porcelain can copy to the true, only day blue Ru Ci is unable to copy. Until now, it is difficult to achieve one hundred percent, can only say close. " said Wang yanjun.
Mr Li Kuchan once wrote: " the world's museums, without you, it is difficult to say perfect beauty also. According to Lv Chenglong's statistics, handed down from now on your official kiln complete device is now less than 100, the most concentrated place is just a few: Beijing palace museum 20, Taipei palace museum 21, British sir David foundation 12, Shanghai museum 9.
" like jade, not jade, and jade", Ru Ci left the most beautiful page in the history of Chinese ceramics, although distress, but later generations of continuous research, imitation, must be able to let it have old branches, bath fire and a day. Kiln

联系人：林生